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This module covers the background critical to understanding human interaction with the Earth, and particularly focused on the processes that affect the surface and upper 10s-100s of m of the subsurface

This special subject explores the development of the ‘precision ethos’ across the American military, and its representation within political rhetoric, cable news and print media, legal architecture, films, video games, and social media posts. Following the advent of airpower during WWI, strategists shared apocalyptic visions of bombers obliterating civilians as the traditional front lines of warfare were dissolved by verticality. Contra to this, a cadre of American strategists proposed an alternative vision — a precision ethos — through which a fusion of superior technology, intelligence, and training would bring military victory while sparing civilians and their environments.
Part I explores the initial development of the concept of precision, tracing how the idea was formed and transmitted. Although the devastation of WWII and the subsequent conflicts of the Cold War reveal this idea failed to take root, this module examines how it only survived its initial rejection, but went on to evolve through the latter part of the twentieth century into a society-wide belief that became the foremost strategic, rhetorical, and legal framework through which the US and its NATO allies employed military force, as well as the primary lens through which Western citizens perceived warfare.

This special subject explores the development of the ‘precision ethos’ across the American military, and its representation within political rhetoric, cable news and print media, legal architecture, films, video games, and social media posts. Following the advent of airpower during WWI, strategists shared apocalyptic visions of bombers obliterating civilians as the traditional front lines of warfare were dissolved by verticality. Contra to this, a cadre of American strategists proposed an alternative vision — a precision ethos — through which a fusion of superior technology, intelligence, and training would bring military victory while sparing civilians and their environments.
Part I explores the initial development of the concept of precision, tracing how the idea was formed and transmitted. Although the devastation of WWII and the subsequent conflicts of the Cold War reveal this idea failed to take root, this module examines how it only survived its initial rejection, but went on to evolve through the latter part of the twentieth century into a society-wide belief that became the foremost strategic, rhetorical, and legal framework through which the US and its NATO allies employed military force, as well as the primary lens through which Western citizens perceived warfare.

This special subject explores the development of the ‘precision ethos’ across the American military, and its representation within political rhetoric, cable news and print media, legal architecture, films, video games, and social media posts. Following the advent of airpower during WWI, strategists shared apocalyptic visions of bombers obliterating civilians as the traditional front lines of warfare were dissolved by verticality. Contra to this, a cadre of American strategists proposed an alternative vision — a precision ethos — through which a fusion of superior technology, intelligence, and training would bring military victory while sparing civilians and their environments.
Part I explores the initial development of the concept of precision, tracing how the idea was formed and transmitted. Although the devastation of WWII and the subsequent conflicts of the Cold War reveal this idea failed to take root, this module examines how it only survived its initial rejection, but went on to evolve through the latter part of the twentieth century into a society-wide belief that became the foremost strategic, rhetorical, and legal framework through which the US and its NATO allies employed military force, as well as the primary lens through which Western citizens perceived warfare.

This special subject explores the development of the ‘precision ethos’ across the American military, and its representation within political rhetoric, cable news and print media, legal architecture, films, video games, and social media posts. Following the advent of airpower during WWI, strategists shared apocalyptic visions of bombers obliterating civilians as the traditional front lines of warfare were dissolved by verticality. Contra to this, a cadre of American strategists proposed an alternative vision — a precision ethos — through which a fusion of superior technology, intelligence, and training would bring military victory while sparing civilians and their environments.
Part I explores the initial development of the concept of precision, tracing how the idea was formed and transmitted. Although the devastation of WWII and the subsequent conflicts of the Cold War reveal this idea failed to take root, this module examines how it only survived its initial rejection, but went on to evolve through the latter part of the twentieth century into a society-wide belief that became the foremost strategic, rhetorical, and legal framework through which the US and its NATO allies employed military force, as well as the primary lens through which Western citizens perceived warfare.

This special subject explores the development of the ‘precision ethos’ across the American military, and its representation within political rhetoric, cable news and print media, legal architecture, films, video games, and social media posts. Following the advent of airpower during WWI, strategists shared apocalyptic visions of bombers obliterating civilians as the traditional front lines of warfare were dissolved by verticality. Contra to this, a cadre of American strategists proposed an alternative vision — a precision ethos — through which a fusion of superior technology, intelligence, and training would bring military victory while sparing civilians and their environments.
Part II explores the evolution of the precision ethos in the twenty-first century through the conflicts broadly labelled as the War on Terror. It considers how the conflicts in Afghanistan and Iraq challenged the precision ethos, raising debates about the strategic, political and legal requirements of balancing risk to combatants and civilians. It explores how the technology gave rise to a new phenomenon – the targeted killing of terrorists — which was accompanied by a special form of presidential media performance, and how the evolution of video game technology gave players the opportunity to engage in their own precision strikes against other online players, gamifying the precision ethos and embedding its tenets into a new generation of citizens.

This special subject explores the development of the ‘precision ethos’ across the American military, and its representation within political rhetoric, cable news and print media, legal architecture, films, video games, and social media posts. Following the advent of airpower during WWI, strategists shared apocalyptic visions of bombers obliterating civilians as the traditional front lines of warfare were dissolved by verticality. Contra to this, a cadre of American strategists proposed an alternative vision — a precision ethos — through which a fusion of superior technology, intelligence, and training would bring military victory while sparing civilians and their environments.
Part II explores the evolution of the precision ethos in the twenty-first century through the conflicts broadly labelled as the War on Terror. It considers how the conflicts in Afghanistan and Iraq challenged the precision ethos, raising debates about the strategic, political and legal requirements of balancing risk to combatants and civilians. It explores how the technology gave rise to a new phenomenon – the targeted killing of terrorists — which was accompanied by a special form of presidential media performance, and how the evolution of video game technology gave players the opportunity to engage in their own precision strikes against other online players, gamifying the precision ethos and embedding its tenets into a new generation of citizens.

This special subject explores the development of the ‘precision ethos’ across the American military, and its representation within political rhetoric, cable news and print media, legal architecture, films, video games, and social media posts. Following the advent of airpower during WWI, strategists shared apocalyptic visions of bombers obliterating civilians as the traditional front lines of warfare were dissolved by verticality. Contra to this, a cadre of American strategists proposed an alternative vision — a precision ethos — through which a fusion of superior technology, intelligence, and training would bring military victory while sparing civilians and their environments.
Part II explores the evolution of the precision ethos in the twenty-first century through the conflicts broadly labelled as the War on Terror. It considers how the conflicts in Afghanistan and Iraq challenged the precision ethos, raising debates about the strategic, political and legal requirements of balancing risk to combatants and civilians. It explores how the technology gave rise to a new phenomenon – the targeted killing of terrorists — which was accompanied by a special form of presidential media performance, and how the evolution of video game technology gave players the opportunity to engage in their own precision strikes against other online players, gamifying the precision ethos and embedding its tenets into a new generation of citizens.

This special subject explores the development of the ‘precision ethos’ across the American military, and its representation within political rhetoric, cable news and print media, legal architecture, films, video games, and social media posts. Following the advent of airpower during WWI, strategists shared apocalyptic visions of bombers obliterating civilians as the traditional front lines of warfare were dissolved by verticality. Contra to this, a cadre of American strategists proposed an alternative vision — a precision ethos — through which a fusion of superior technology, intelligence, and training would bring military victory while sparing civilians and their environments.
Part II explores the evolution of the precision ethos in the twenty-first century through the conflicts broadly labelled as the War on Terror. It considers how the conflicts in Afghanistan and Iraq challenged the precision ethos, raising debates about the strategic, political and legal requirements of balancing risk to combatants and civilians. It explores how the technology gave rise to a new phenomenon – the targeted killing of terrorists — which was accompanied by a special form of presidential media performance, and how the evolution of video game technology gave players the opportunity to engage in their own precision strikes against other online players, gamifying the precision ethos and embedding its tenets into a new generation of citizens.

Whether "living out" or "sitting in", Southampton students have been making their own history since the university was founded in 1862. In this module we will be bringing the stories of the young women and men who attended the University of Southampton to life, using a range of source materials that have never been looked at by historians before. Every week you will take part in a handling session at Hartley Library's Special Collections Department, working with original photograph albums, scrapbooks, letters and newspapers produced by Southampton students, from 1862 to today. Every week we will also be visiting buildings on and around campus, looking for traces left by earlier generations of students. What can the university's halls of residence, Student Union and other buildings tell us about changing ideas of the university? How have students' expectations of university changed over time? Have they come to Southampton hoping to "get ahead" in the world - or change it? To uncover these stories we will need to draw connections between our students' experiences and more familiar stories - of class and gender, war and protest. This module will be of particular interest to anyone interested in possibly working in the heritage or museum sector, as part of the course will involve hands-on experience of making original sources accessible to non-specialist audiences, as well as thinking about what buildings and spaces are worth preserving.